Italian Verb Conjugations Dimagrire

Gang Violence And Its Effects - 2209 Words

â€Å"Gang Violence Its Effects† Eric R. Thomas Tennessee Temple University In this talk about Gang Violence Its Effects, attempts will be made to show how gang violence occurs. It will also depict the effects it has on societies, and individuals. And the consequences gained both metal, and practical. Gang violence is an ever ongoing, and prevalent issue within the United States, and spreads through almost every ethnicity, and people. Gang Violence Gang violence is a very prevalent, and ongoing issue that is ever growing. According to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (a nationally representative sample of 9,000 adolescents), 8 percent of the youth surveyed had belonged to a gang at some†¦show more content†¦In the teenage years there is a fight for identity, and belonging. Thus gangs will take advantage of this desire, and need, because young people are highly impressionable. A common public perception is that most youth are coerced into joining a gang (Howell, 2007). The opposite is indeed true. Most join of their own volition. â€Å"Gangs are often at the center of appealing social action— parties, hanging out, music, drugs, and opportunities to socialize with members of the opposite sex. The gang may be appealing because it meets a youth’s social needs.† (Howell, 2007) Many young people willing join gangs because of their protection, fun, respect, money, or because a friend was in the gang. Many innocent civilians are caught in the crossfire of gang violence. Like terrorism, many civilians’ homes, work places, and transportation, is â€Å"up for grabs† in aiding ongoing turf- wars, and gang retaliations. Many of the gang members obviously have varying perspectives and perceptions on dealings with one another, over both serious, and more trivial situations. From an â€Å"order† perspective, the situation is looked at from an objective point of view. To keep order, each person’s or group’s perspectives, must be heard, from a point of equality, and fairness. When it comes to conflict we have a problem. If gang members from the gang of a young man who got killed learned that it was someone from the rival gang, the most immediate reaction is retribution. They will tend to seek immediate

Racism Racial Discrimination And Injustice - 1257 Words

Almost everyone has heard the famous hymn, â€Å"Jesus Loves the Little Children,† but not all understand the true meaning when it says, â€Å"Red, and yellow, black, and white, they are precious in His sight. Jesus loves the little children of the world.† The moment sin entered into the world, perfection no longer existed. This loss of perfection changed the way humans viewed each other. It made one ethnicity view another ethnicity as inferior, and in doing so, created what people now know of as racism. For centuries, racism has been a part of society, shaping the way humans view each other, but with the aid of Young Women s Christian Association (YWCA) - Stand Against Racism, racial discrimination and injustice can be eliminated. All across the United States, African Americans are faced with racial prejudice, a negative attitude towards a group of people based on race — not on direct knowledge or experience. This kind of racial prejudice began in the 17th and 1 8th centuries, when Africans were brought to America as slaves. In 1756, an 11 year old boy named Olaudah Equiano and his sister were kidnapped from Africa and sold into slavery. Many days after they were captured, Olaudah s sister and he got separated, and Olaudah continued to move further and further away from his home, trading masters along the way. After being shipped off to the English colony of Virginia, Michael Henry Pascal, a lieutenant in the Royal Navy, became his new master for the next seven years. During theseShow MoreRelatedThe Colors Of Racism By John Steinbeck And Of Mice And Men 1330 Words   |  6 Pages The Colors of Racism in Of Mice and Men The struggle of racism in America is one which has been regularized in American society. The devaluation and undermining of colored individuals has become commonplace, due to social injustice. In particular, racial discrimination prevails among African American societies due to the color of their skin, and the stereotypical notions of racial superiority that the white race illuminates. For over three-hundred years, the African American communities haveRead MoreRacial Injustice in A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry and Sonny’s Blues, by James Baldwin1494 Words   |  6 PagesWhite supremacy, black inferiority, Jim Crow law, segregation, racial terror, and racial inequality are the most common topics of American history. The quote of Martin Luther King Jr asserts the truth that racial injustice was in the vein of the American dream. He hopes someday that injustice, the view that African Americans are inferior will go away, and they will be treated equally like a full h uman being. The theme of racial injustice is prevalent in both â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine HansberryRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Racism Analysis1348 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee wrote, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† during a racial period in her home state of Alabama. This was when the South was still segregated, forcing blacks to use separate facilities apart from those used by whites. The Civil Rights movement started to become more active when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955. During this period, Martin Luther King, Jr., became the leader of the movement, and the issue began to gain serious national attention. This isRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The World Has More Than 6 Billion People With A Diversity Of Human Races808 Words   |  4 PagesHirenkumar Thummar Professor Ball HA 96F, Section 21 November 11, 2015 Title- Racial Discrimination in the workplace The world has more than 6 billion people with a diversity of human races and colors. Even Though, by means of nature, people used to see each other as white, black, Hispanic, Asian, American, African, etc. As humans spread throughout the globe, they adapted to one of a kind dwelling conditions while genetic mutations introduced precise traits to the people. Likewise, the concept ofRead MoreSocial Injustice, Racism, And Social Work1647 Words   |  7 Pages Social Injustice, Racism, and Social Work Rachel Condit December 4, 2017 Professor Keyes Social Work 1111 Social Injustice and Ism’s Social injustice is any issue when unfair practices are being carried out in society. Social injustice effects many groups today, especially minorities. Societal isms are the prejudicial attitudes directed against groups that society identifies as â€Å"lesser†-less capable, less productive, and less normal. Racism Racism is defined as an ideologyRead MoreLetter From A Birmingham Jail And Barack Obama s A More Perfect Union1304 Words   |  6 Pagesin Letter of a Birmingham Jail was Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere...Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. I really thought that this was a very powerful statement and one that makes absolute sense. Barack Obama also stated something very similar in his A More Perfect Union speech stating the following ...I believe deeply that we cannot solve the challenges of our time unless we solve them together... Today racial inequality is ongoing whether you areRead MoreAnalysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1074 Words   |  5 Pagesrebel against the racial injustices occurring in America at the time. Martin Luther King’s arguments in Letter from Birmingham Jail are effective because they draw the reader’s attention to the dehumanizing nature of systematic racism and force them to consider the ethical implications of large scale racial discrimination through intense imagery, articulate through reasonable rhetoric the philosophy behind civil disobedience and why direct action is the only path to achieve racial equality, and useRead MoreRacial Separatism1395 Words   |  6 PagesRacial separatism is the belief, most of the time based on racism, that different races should remain segregated and apart from one another. Racism is the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another, that his or she predetermines a persons social and moral traits and born biologic al characteristics. The introduction of these terms produces racial discrimination within a society. Racial discrimination has been a thorn in the side of yesterdays, todays and future generationsRead MoreInjustice And Social Injustices1532 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Though the concept of social injustice is universal in nature, the experience varies with each person. Factors like a person’ race, or gender can further influence the severity of the injustice; victims caught in the overlap between discriminations often go unrecognized by the law and society. Many people recognize the names Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Tamir Rice as African Americans who were murdered by local police. But names like Michelle Cusseaux, Tanish Anderson, and MeaganRead MoreRace Relations And Social Inequality1610 Words   |  7 Pagesrelated to race relations. By comparing two articles â€Å"Ethno-Racial Attitudes and Social Inequality† and â€Å"What happens before? A field experiment exploring how pay and representation differentially shape bias on the pathway into organizations† this paper will explore racial social injustices with the intent to showcase the thinking about race relations and social inequality. Points of Interest Racial inequality is a volatile and complex topic; there is no

The Test Of Time By Sophocles - 1403 Words

For any work of literature or art the test of time is the greatest test of all. A book cannot be considered a classic unless it withstands the test of time. In my opinion, the test of time is the only test necessary to establish whether or not a book is a classic. For in order to pass the test of time a book must meet all the other requirements, and if a book meets all the other requirements, it will withstand the test of time. Of all the works that are considered classic, few have withstood the test of time as long as Antigone has. Written by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles in 441 B.C, it is almost two and a half thousand years old. How does a piece of writing last that long without becoming irrelevant and antiquated. The answer to that question can be found in the themes and characters of this long enduring masterpiece. Before I jump into this paper, I should probably tell you what Antigone is about. Antigone is a play which takes place shortly after the city of Thebes ha s been torn apart by civil war. The leaders of both sides were no other than the protagonist Antigone’s own brothers, both heirs they fought for power. In battle, the two brothers fought to their deaths, each slaying the other. One brother was honored a hero and given the funeral rites demanded by the gods. The other was deemed a traitor and left to rot, unburied, food for dogs, birds, and wild animals, and denied the rites the gods demanded. In these times it was believed not giving aShow MoreRelatedWomen, Sisters, And Wives : Women Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesPrincesses, Sisters, and Wives: Women Portrayed in Ancient Greece It is convenient to pride modernity for all the progression it has made since ancient times, particularly when it comes to gender equality. In Homer’s The Odyssey and Sophocles’ Antigone, the ancient societal view of women is blatant in the text whether it is in Creon’s sexist remarks or referring to the disloyal maids of Odysseus as â€Å"sluts, who lay with suitors† (Homer, XXII.516), but in these same works, this status quo is challengedRead MoreEssay on Analyzing Antigone and Creon1313 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles play titled Antigone, embellishes the opposing conflicts between Antigone who stands for the values of family, and Creon who stands for the values of state. Sophocles explores the depths of Antigone’s morality and the duty based on consequence throughout the play, as well as the practical consequences of Creon who is passionate and close-minded. Although Antigone’s moral decisions appear to be more logical and favorable th an Creon’s, a personal argument would be that both characters’Read More Oedipus Rex – a Christ Figure Essays1020 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus Rex – a Christ Figure  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ famous tragedy, Oedipus Rex, perhaps â€Å"the most important and influential drama ever written† (â€Å"Sophocles† 717), presents in the person of   Oedipus the model of a good ruler, a humanely intelligent and vigorously active leader, a man who earlier saved his adopted city Thebes from disaster. Is Oedipus an alter Christus besides?    The numerous parallels between the figure of the king Oedipus and the figure of Christ in the ScripturesRead MoreOedipus the King1315 Words   |  6 PagesLorne Coughlin Literary Genres: Drama and Essay September 20, 2007 The tragedy of Oedipus Sophocles is one of the best and most well-known ancient Greek tragedians. He influenced the development of drama especially by adding a third character and thereby reducing the importance of the chorus in the presentation of the plot. Even though he wrote 123 plays, he is mostly famous for his three plays concerning Oedipus and Antigone: these are often known as the Theban plays or The Oedipus Cycle. OneRead MoreHow Modern Versions Of Medea ( Euripides ) And Antigone ( Sophocles )1246 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Greek theatre is famed for hosting many playwrights that have stood the test of time, nevertheless concepts and ideologies present in traditional Greek theatre have become outdated. Strict gender roles were ever-present in society and a person was judged in relation to his or her compliance with these standards. Ancient Greek theatre hosts many misogynistic examples of the conformity to the gender roles of the time as well as the consequences of rebelling against the gend er protocol. Women wereRead MoreThe Tragic Hero of Oedipus Rex Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tragic Hero of Oedipus Rex According to the ancient Greeks and Aristotle the hero is a person who possesses superior qualities of mind and body, and who proves his superiority by doing great deeds of valor, strength, or intellect. In Sophocles Oedipus Rex the main character Oedipus possesses these characteristics of a true hero, which in turn lead to his self-destruction. In the beginning of the play Oedipuss great intellect is made known by the chorus who see him as someone who hasRead MoreOedipus The King By Sophocles Essay855 Words   |  4 Pagesplay Oedipus Rex, Sophocles develops a storyline centered on the main character Oedipus the king who is faced with unequivocal misfortunes that test his courage. Even though Oedipus attempts to evade the prophecy at his birth, his personality triggers a series of events that leads to his destruction. Oedipus had some good traits as well as some undesirable flaws in his person but his insistent search for the truth is what leads to his destruction and writes his story. Sophocles illustrates how theRead More Tragedy in Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and the Book of Job Essay examples998 Words   |  4 PagesTragedy in Oedipus Rex, Hamlet, and the Book of Job In works of literature involving a tragedy, the question of the cause of the tragedy is often raised. The play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and the book of Job from the Bible all involve a tragedy resulting from different things. In Oedipus Rex the tragedy is a result of Oedipuss fate. In Hamlet the tragedy is caused by human folly. The divine intervention of God is what causes the tragedy in Job.Read MoreIs Oedipus a Victim of Fate? Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the vast history of literature, various concepts have come and gone. The idea of fate or fatalism has been a concept that has survived the test of time. Numerous characters have succumbed to the power of fate and the character of Oedipus from Sophocles’ Oedipus the King is a prime example of the vast power of fate within literature. Sophocles effectively depicts the wrath of fate as he portrays how Oedipus fell victim to fate and his efforts to disregard fate were futile. Once again fateRead MoreOedipus The King And Oedipus At Colonus Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesReading through three related stories, we discover different motifs denoting author’s thought in different time.Without any doubt, the tragic essence goes through the Three Theban Plays. As Sophocles meditates the philosophy of the tragedy all along his life, the tragic essence expands from individuals in a society. The conflict in each play becomes increasingly complicated. In Antigone, we can clearly distinguish the conflict between Antigone and Creon, family and politics. However, in Oedipus at

Tanning Beds and Cancer Free Essays

According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, on an average day, nearly thirty million people tan indoors in the United States (â€Å"Skin Cancer Facts† 2011). What is even more alarming is, â€Å"a new study has shown that people who use tanning parlors once a month or more have an increased risk of developing malignant melanoma by 55%. Melanoma is one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer† (â€Å"Skin Cancer Facts† 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Tanning Beds and Cancer or any similar topic only for you Order Now If this statistic does not scare those who use tanning beds, it should. Although a nice bronze glow accompanies your body after your trip to the tanning bed, a lifetime of trouble for your skin will follow, also. Is a nice tan really worth a lifetime of health concerns for your skin? To many, it is because of societies definition of beauty. Society thinks the idea of beauty involves harming their skin and receiving potential cancer in return for laying in a bed for â€Å"color†. This needs to change just as much as we need to stop the increase of skin cancer. One-way to stop this delusional sense of beauty and to decrease the number of skin cancer patients is to ban tanning beds. Tanning beds should be banned in the U. S. ecause although you may get instant, temporary, tan skin, developing a deathly cancer called melanoma can create more permanent unpleasant medical issues and the real idea of beauty needs to be re-established. To begin, many people have heard the term melanoma but it is important to know and understand what it is. According to the article â€Å"Melanoma Stage Three Prognosis,† Melanoma is a cancer that forms in the melanocytes of the skin. These are cells that make melanin, which colors our eyes, hair and skin (â€Å"Melanoma† 2011). These cells can be found in moles usually brown or black in color, but sometimes pink, red, or even blue. Not only can these moles and other spots be cancerous, they can be deadly. Melanoma is one of the deadliest cancers in America, and also one of the fastest spreading cancers (â€Å"Skin Cancer Facts† 2011). People do not recognize they are carriers, therefore do not receive adequate treatment, so it spreads to additional parts in your body, and very quickly. â€Å"This spreading is referred to as mestasis† (â€Å"Melanoma Stage Three Prognosis† 2011). As it spreads to other parts of the body it makes for a very difficult treatment because â€Å"lymph nodes start the invasion process of nearby tissue and form lesions on vital organs† (â€Å"Melanoma Stage Three Prognosis† 2011). As a result, â€Å"melanoma in the United States kills about 8,700 unlucky people every year† (â€Å"Skin Cancer Facts† 2011). Also, according to the American Cancer Society, there is an estimated â€Å"120,000 new cases of melanoma in the US are diagnosed in a year† (â€Å"Melanoma Skin Cancer† 2011). These statistics are alarming because we all could potentially make a choice to start decreasing these numbers. Using tanning beds is causing skin cancer which spreads quickly, can reach a stage that is extremely hard to treat and could lead to death. If tanning beds were banned, there would be fewer people dying from skin cancer because people wouldn’t be allowed to use them. Since using tanning beds is the number one cause of skin cancer itself, banning them should be a given. In addition to causing skin cancer, tanning beds are brainwashing people into thinking that being â€Å"tan† is the new beautiful. What ever happened to natural beauty, including pale skin? It is sad that our society has made women and men feel self-conscious about their color because tanning beds offer a â€Å"tan†. We have started a society where kids are judged because they are not pretty and â€Å"tan† like the others. As a result, kids and adults feel self-conscious and become depressed, sometimes leading to suicidal thoughts or even suicide itself, due to the lack of confidence they have in themselves. If tanning beds were banned kids and adults would not feel self-conscious about their skin because you wouldn’t be able to tan constantly without the real sun. Some say that even though tanning beds are banned, people will go on vacation and return home tan and people will feel the same way, but this â€Å"color† will be natural. Re-establishing the idea of natural beauty will benefit everybody and their confidence. Next, to prevent people from going tanning government officials need to ban tanning in the U. S. If people break this law, there will be federal consequences just as any other law has. Reason being, there are enough innocent people dying from skin cancer because of the natural sun, so by banning tanning beds we can save the lives of those who get cancer from the beds. Also, we can re-define the term beautiful so those who are self-conscious about their beautiful pale skin are confident in their natural beauty. If we enforce this new law, people will not feel as self conscious about their pale skin because there will be no other way to tan except by the natural sun. This will get people to realize that the natural way is the most beautiful way. In some states, there have been laws implemented to restrict minors from tanning. There have also been laws stating that you must have parent permission to be able to tan. These laws don’t work because minors use fake i. d. ’s or have other people sign for them (â€Å"Should Tanning Beds Be Banned† 1995). If we enforce the new law, we can be one step closer to stopping suicide caused by low self-esteem, and helping the depressed become confident in their bodies. With all these reasons as to why there should be a ban on tanning beds comes the other side of the argument. Some people believe â€Å"Imposing a ban on tanning salons would restrict the free choice of consumers† (‘Should tanning beds be banned? 1995†). If consumers are given correct information about the dangers of indoor tanning, then they should be able to weigh these risks against their own personal benefits from indoor tanning and decide for themselves if it would be a rational choice. Some say â€Å"the government should not tell consumers that they cannot assume certain risks, even if they are willing to do so, just because the government believes that the risks are too great† (â€Å"Should Tanning Beds Be Banned? † 1995). Some also believe that â€Å"not everyone develops cancer after visiting these salons, and consumers might be willing to take the gamble (â€Å"Should Tanning Beds Be Banned? 1995). People arguing against banning tanning beds believe that a ban on tanning salons would infringe the free choice rights of over one million citizens of the United States. In my opinion, the government should risk these unhappy citizens for decreasing the number of skin cancer patients. It should not matter if your â€Å"choice† is infringed upon because this new law will be saving the lives of many. In conclusion, tanning beds cause melanoma, which can lead to death. Tanning beds have also aided in changing the definition of beauty. If tanning beds were banned, we could stop the rise in skin cancer patients and save the lives of many. Also, we can boost those kids and adults’ self-esteem who still think their natural skin is beautiful despite how others who use tanning beds may make them feel. In the long run, we could reduce the number of depressed and even suicidal individuals who become self-conscious because of the â€Å"color† of their skin. This is an important decision to make because we can reduce the number of deaths and help kids and adults realize they are beautiful the way they are. How to cite Tanning Beds and Cancer, Papers

Psychology Resource Management Practices

Question: Discuss about thePsychology for Resource Management Practices. Answer: Introduction The organizational behavior refers to the specific rule to behave so that it can cover all professional responsibilities. Kehoe and Wright (2013) defined that effective behavior at the work place helps to maintain the work culture and also helps to maintain the employee unity. In every organization, the behavioral aspect of each employee is examined so that the organization behavior as a whole can be effectively controlled by the management. In this essay, the psychology that affects the behavioral aspect at the work place is elaborately discussed. The constituting factors along with different types of organizational behavior are described with the help of ample examples. Theories on personality and intelligence are analyzed in order to strengthen this discussion. Discussion At the workplace, the employees are supposed to show proper work ethics and behavior which includes integrity, intelligence, sense of responsibility and punctuality, commitment, teamwork ability, accountability etc. From the very beginning, an employee needs to show commitment, dedication and loyalty towards its organization so that the organization and rely upon the ability of that individual (Alfes et al. 2013). Sense of punctuality and responsibility can enable the individual employees to show their work ethics which increase their impression. The ability to work within the team is also important in every employee because this ability ensure the organizational unity that indicates towards the constant progress of that organization (Anderson, Poto?nik and Zhou 2014). The accountability which includes the ability to take responsibility of every action helps to reflect the dynamic characteristics of the employees that play the role of an influential factor for further career growth. However, the behavioral aspect depends upon the psychology of each individual. If an employee does not take its responsibilities seriously, it will not be able to show sense of responsibility and commitment towards its organization (Clarke 2013). On the other hand, if an employee regards the betterment of its organization more than its personal gain, it will definitely contribute its efficient share to improve the sales and profit rate of the company (Dane and Brummel 2014). Sigmund Freuds theory of personality is often regarded as one of the best theory of personality. As per the psychoanalytic viewpoint of Freud, human mind is the collaboration of three major factors namely id, ego and superego. Id refers to the inner unconscious part of human mind which seems to be satisfied immediately. Ego indicates to the counterpart of id. In regards to this aspect, Karimi et al. (2014) explained that it helps to conduct the behavioral aspect with the outer world. Along with this, it is even much beneficial in transforming the inner needs to facial expressions through rational and practical thinking (Donaldson, Dollwet and Rao 2015). On the other hand, superego suggests to the partially unconscious part of human mind which reflects the inner value and belief of a being through behavioral aspects. According to this theory, human behavior is the effect of the interactions of these three constituting elements (Greaves, Zibarras and Stride 2013). From the viewpoint of Freud, the human behavior is the result of the unconscious part, more than the conscious part of human mind (Onnasch et al. 2014). The strong interaction of these factor causes human reactions go through five different psychosexual stages namely Oral, Phallic, Latent Anal and Genital (Hock 2015). These five stages help to develop the human nature. Oral stages refers to the characteristics like trusting, dependency, aggressiveness and dominating nature, while anal stage indicates towards the possessiveness, mean, tidiness, stubborn and generous nature. On the other hand, phallic stage suggests to the envois nature with anxiety, vanity and self-obsession, whilst genital stage seems to suggest to the perfect human nature with mature, loving, caring and well-adjusted characteristics. However, this theory has been criticized by Hlsheger et al. (2013), as it mainly focuses upon the sexual aspects as the chief influential factors on human nature. The five factor theory is one of the most relevant theories that explain the human personality at workplace. It is noticed that the human resource management often utilize the Big Five Personality dimensions in order to recognize the personality of associated employees. These dimensions are usually making up the workplace behavior that is needed to be maintained by each of the professionals. These five traits include Openness, Extroversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. These traits are elaborated further: Openness: People who are much fond of learning new things and cooperate with new experiences, usually score good marks in this dimension (Judge et al. 2014). The people are usually much innovative, insightful, and imaginative for working with various ranges of interests. Extroversion: People who fall under this dimension usually gain energy by interacting with other associates (com.br 2016). On the contrary, the introverts generate energy from their personal conscience. Extroverts are much talkative, energetic, and assertive. Conscientiousness: In this dimension, people are much depended on their moral values, conscience and prompt behavior. The high degree of conscientiousness makes a person more reliable and prompt. People with high degree of conscientiousness are usually methodic, organized, and thorough. Agreeableness: People associated with this dimensions are cooperative, friendly, and compassionate. People are usually more distant if they possess the low degree of agreeableness. They are usually more affectionate, kind, and sympathetic. Neuroticism: Neuroticism is often compared with emotional stability. The dimension focuses on the particular degree of negative emotions as well as ones emotional stability. People with high level of neuroticism are often victimized and they experience the negative emotions in a significant way. These people are usually moody and tensed. Charles Spearmans Two factor theory of intelligence is also regarded as another important theory of psychology. As per this theory, every trait of human mind is controlled by a common mental factor, intelligence. This theory indicates that this factor influences the function of every single intellectual human activity (Robertson and Barling 2013). This intelligence is often regarded as general ability (g), while he also denotes another special ability (s) which proves to be influential for specific activities. G factor seems to be in born in every being which varies from one individual to another but the amount remains the same for every individual (Prochaska 2013). This g factor also determines the success rate of individuals; more amount of g factor increases the chances of success. On the other hand, s factor can be gain from the surrounded environment and it seems to vary depending upon the activity of an individual. The amount of s factor can be changed of the same individual in accordance with the situation (Spain, Harms and LeBreton 2014). This theory can be successfully applied in the behavioral aspect at work place. If the g factor of an employee is observed higher than the other employees, it will definitely secure better chance and potential for further career growth because it can be able to show working excellence along with the sense of responsibility with the help of this g factor (Wells, Evans and Cheek 2016). For example, if an employee shows continuous working excellence which benefits the organization, it will definitely get promotion along with appreciation at its work place. On the other hand, an individual can increase the amount of s factor within it by learning it from its office environment. For example, a typist can improve its special typing skill after working within the pressure at its office. At the work places, individuals are supposed to utilize the three stages of their mind in order to create an effective organizational behavior. Effective organizational behavior can be expected from an indiv idual who has proper education, love and a decent childhood. Id indicates the individual employees to act in such a way so that its basic needs can be fulfilled (Hlsheger et al. 2014) The behavior of the employees at the work place depends upon certain factor such as the work environment, job pressure, behavior of the employers, and security (Cherry 2014). If the employees get friendly and supportive work environment, it will obviously leave positive impact upon the psychology of the employees. It will allow the employees to freely use their own idea for improving the quality of the work (Prochaska 2013). On the other hand, Hlsheger et al. (2014) implied that if the employees do not get a supportive working environment it leaves a negative impact on their psychology. They get pressurized and become unable to provide their efficient effort to the organization (Spain, Harms and LeBreton 2014). Too much work pressure also reduces the work efficiency of the employees. In such situations, they try to complete their assigned task as soon as possible without concentrating on the quality of the work. In this way, the work ethics also get hampered. Job along with health se curity enables the employees to fulfill their commitment toward the organization without which they cannot realize the responsibility of the organization towards them (Kehoe and Wright 2013). If the management fails to provide the employees a sense of security, it also decreases the commitment and loyalty of the employees towards the organization. As per the demands of id of human psychology, employees try to secure their own materialistic needs. Therefore, in order to maintain the employee competence, the managements of the workplaces need to fulfill the demands of their employees with the help of sufficient opportunities of rewards and recognitions. If the employees get sufficient rewards for their efficient work efforts and feel the impact of recognition, it will certainly motivate them to meet all their responsibilities towards their organization (Greaves, Zibarras and Stride 2013). Another major influential factor on the employee behavior at the workplaces is the behavior of th e supervisors or employers. If the employees get friendly support and courage from their employers, it will make them bound to impress their supervisors by showing more working excellence. On the other hand, if they get ill treatment from their supervisors, it will make the employees stubborn towards their organization (Donaldson, Dollwet and Rao 2015). The employees then tend to show aggressive behavior at their workplaces which affects the organizational environment. In recent time, the business organizations like Google, Facebook etc stress importance on the regular evaluation process of organizational culture with which they evaluate the behavior of every employee at their organization (Prochaska 2013). If they find any behavioral mismatch in any of their employee, they try to understand the reason behind it and try to resolve it in order to maintain a healthy working environment. In order to improve the behavioral system of the employees at the work place, the management needs to clarify their organizational goal and objective to their employees at the very beginning so that they can understand the value of their effort for the improvement of the organization (Dane and Brummel 2014). The supervisors also need to evaluate the results of every assignment which reflects the work efficiency of each employee. If they find dissatisfactory result, they can ask the employee the reason of their low quality work and in this way, the problem can be solved. It will give the employees a sense of responsibility on which the progression of the organization depends. Moreover, the employees should have the freedom to express their own idea and opinion about nay organizational activities that will strengthen the working environment of the organization (Spain, Harms and LeBreton 2014). This trust upon them will make the employees responsible and committed enough towards the org anization and in this way; they can also realize the importance of their posts. On the other hand, with the help of rewarding good work, and encouraging career growth, the organizations can truly motivate their employees to depend upon the fairness of their organizational structure (Wells, Evans and Cheek 2016). The health security aspect of the employees need to be noticed by the management because often it is observed that due to some physical difficulty, the employees tend to show aggressive and frustrated behaviors with the colleagues and also show less efficient behavior towards the organization. Conclusion Thus in this essay, the behavioral aspect is discussed by emphasizing the point that if any individual tries to contribute its efficient share for the betterment of the organization, it needs to fulfill all its professional responsibilities through proper behavior because it reflects the true personality of that being. By showing suitable efficiency, loyalty and intelligence, individual beings can improve their career growth along with their improving the work culture at the organization. The theories of personality and intelligence help to understand the psychological aspects of the behavioral factors of human beings that can be used for the improvement of the behavior at work places. Reference List Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C. and Soane, E.C., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), pp.330-351 Anderson, N., Poto?nik, K. and Zhou, J., 2014. Innovation and creativity in organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework.Journal of Management,40(5), pp.1297-1333 Cherry, K., 2014. What Are the Different Theories of Intelligence?. Rubberball Production. Clarke, S., 2013. Safety leadership: A meta?analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,86(1), pp.22-49 Dane, E. and Brummel, B.J., 2014. Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention.Human Relations,67(1), pp.105-128 Donaldson, S.I., Dollwet, M. and Rao, M.A., 2015. Happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning revisited: Examining the peer-reviewed literature linked to positive psychology.The Journal of Positive Psychology,10(3), pp.185-195 Greaves, M., Zibarras, L.D. and Stride, C., 2013. Using the theory of planned behavior to explore environmental behavioral intentions in the workplace.Journal of Environmental Psychology,34, pp.109-120 Hock, R.R., 2015.Forty studies that changed psychology. Pearson Higher Ed Hlsheger, U.R., Alberts, H.J., Feinholdt, A. and Lang, J.W., 2013. Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), p.310 Hlsheger, U.R., Lang, J.W., Depenbrock, F., Fehrmann, C., Zijlstra, F.R. and Alberts, H.J., 2014. The power of presence: The role of mindfulness at work for daily levels and change trajectories of psychological detachment and sleep quality.Journal of Applied Psychology,99(6), p.1113 Judge, T.A., Simon, L.S., Hurst, C. and Kelley, K., 2014. What I experienced yesterday is who I am today: Relationship of work motivations and behaviors to within-individual variation in the five-factor model of personality.Journal of Applied Psychology,99(2), p.199. Karimi, L., Gilbreath, B., Kim, T.Y. and J. Grawitch, M., 2014. Come rain or come shine: supervisor behavior and employee job neglect.Leadership Organization Development Journal,35(3), pp.210-225 Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), pp.366-391 Moityca.com.br, 2016. The Big-Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives [online] Available at: https://moityca.com.br/pdfs/bigfive_John.pdf [Accessed 9 Feb. 2017]. Onnasch, L., Wickens, C.D., Li, H. and Manzey, D., 2014. Human performance consequences of stages and levels of automation: An integrated meta-analysis.Human Factors,56(3), pp.476-488 Prochaska, J.O., 2013. Transtheoretical model of behavior change. InEncyclopedia of behavioral medicine(pp. 1997-2000). Springer New York Robertson, J.L. and Barling, J., 2013. Greening organizations through leaders' influence on employees' pro?environmental behaviors.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(2), pp.176-194 Spain, S.M., Harms, P. and LeBreton, J.M., 2014. The dark side of personality at work.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(S1), pp.S41-S60 Wells, N.M., Evans, G.W. and Cheek, K.A., 2016. Environmental psychology.Environmental Health: From Global to Local, p.203

Attachment Paper free essay sample

Bowlby’s attachment theory provides a strong framework for the comprehension of both the nature of close relationships and the link between the associations of children and how this affects their relationships as adults, as well as, various health issues concerning adults. The following research endeavor reviews the literature concerning the validity and reliability of the attachment styles that can be a predicting factor as to how adults engage in the formation of relationships.Research presented will also help to elucidate how attachment styles during childhood relate to adult related health issues The following essay will define attachment theory as described by Bowlby and Ainsworth; followed by an analysis how attachments formed in early childhood have an impact on attachments formed during adulthood. The main focus of the research will examine the evidence concerning attachment assessment methods.Finally, the research essay will examine the empirical evidence depicting how attachment predicts relationship tendencies in adults along with the risk factors for certain health related issues from the perspective attachment style. John Bowlby’s theory of attachment has been instrumental in the advancement of modern psychology. According to Bowlby (1982), attachments exist to bring infants into close proximity with their caregivers thereby protecting the infant from harm and predation. The idea of attachment was first postulated by Sigmund Freud and focused on the attachment relationship between mother and child. Freud analyzed this interaction using psychoanalytic thought, which assumes that an unconscious drive for physical gratification is the basis of attachment. Bowlby (1982) moved away from Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective and proposed an ethological theory of attachment. The foundation of this perspective depicts the inherent survival instinct as the catalyst for attachment. At the most basic level, Bowlby theorized that attachment formation is dependent on the formation of trust in the infant. Trust develops from the level of sensitivity the caregiver provides the infant during times of stress.The result of this interaction is the infant producing an adaptive response and those responses, according to Bowlby (1982), into mental representations, or working models, that are believed to guide the behavior of attachment relationships over time, carrying over into adulthood. The existence of the different types of attachment styles was empirically demonstrated by Ainsworth and col leagues (1978) in studies with infants using the Strange Situation procedure. The Strange Situation procedure involved observing a child’s behavior when they were separated from their primary caregiver.Ainsworth and colleagues classified the attachment styles of the infant based on the observed strength of the bond between the infant and their caregiver (Ainsworth, et al. , 1978). The various types of attachment styles are typically classified into three categories including: secure attachment, anxious/ambivalent attachment, and avoidant attachment. These attachment styles will be discussed further in relationship to their impact on adult relationships and the effects they have on the general health in adults.A fourth attachment style was classified much later than what was presented in the Strange Situation, called disorganized attachment, and accounts for only about five to ten percent of the population (Berk, 2007). This fourth attachment style is not part of the research presented in this essay due to the fact that this attachment system is uncomm on and there is little research focusing on its effect on adult relationships or on the health of adults. There are generally two distinct groups that researchers fall into when studying the implications of attachment in adulthood.Those who are typically trained in the developmental tradition, tend to emphasize adults’ representation and how this may influence the level of attachment they have with their own children. The other group, which is typically trained in social psychology, usually focuses their attention on the application of attachment theory to analyze the processes of adult romantic relationships and personality. These two groups are apt to emphasize different points of view to the theory, and conceptualize their findings in diverging ways.For the purpose of this essay, empirical research from a social psychology perspective will be utilized. The primary focal point will be on the domain of interpersonal relationships between adults from the three attachment categories and their relationships. Secondly, research will be discussed in regards to the links between adult attachment styles and variables such as cognitive functioning and interest in social activities. Lastly, this essay will show support for the proposed theory that attachment styles of children has been linked to the development of disease and chronic illness in adults.Ainsworth and colleagues (1978), through their experiment termed Strange Situation, coined the terms to describe the different attachment styles that infants experience. The first and most common form of attachment is secure attachment. Secure attachment is traditionally measured in terms of separation anxiety (Pearce, 2009). Infants who are securely attached are quickly comforted upon the return of their attentive primary caregiver after a period of separation and exposure to a stranger in the room.Securely attached infants also display uninhibited exploration of their environment while the primary caregiver is in sight (Ainsworth et al. , Bowlby, 1982). Avoidant attachment is the second form of attachment that infants can display. Those who exhibit this form of attachment generally do not display any separation anxiety and also show no preference towards the primary caregiver upon their return. It has been theorized that a reason that infants do show a preference towards their caregiver is because the caregiver may be causing the infant stress which the infant instinctively tries to avoid.The third form of attachment style is the anxious / ambivalent form of attachment. Anxious attachment is comparable to secure attachment in that the infant clings to their primary caregiver and displays separation anxiety (Berk, 2007). The primary difference between the behaviors of securely attached infants and anxiously / ambivalent individuals is that, in the latter, the infants emotions are more pronounced. Anxious infants are not comforted by the caregiver easily, and aggressive behaviors may be displayed when the caregiver is present. This type of behavior is considered to be an adaptive response that is used to solicit a response from an otherwise unresponsive caregiver. Attachment Theory and Adult Relationships Many have argued that identifying both the beginnings and the extent of emotions that are experienced in a relationship is critical if one seeks to understand the essential aspects of a relationship. Many of the most intense emotions arise during the formation, the maintenance, the disruption, and the renewal of attachment relationships (Bowlby, 1982).Surprisingly, there is little research to date that attempts to explain the rationale for the cause of emotions in relationships; specifically how significant relationship experiences at critical developmental stages, forecast the intensity of emotions practiced in adult attachment relationships. One of the first studies conducted in this area was by Main and colleagues (1985) using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) as a narrative-based interview in which participants provide five adjectives that describe their relationship to each parent and then provide specific memories that support each adjective.Several studies have associated attachment styles to relationship satisfaction; however, there is a perceived lack of understanding as to what mechanisms of the attachment styles that influence relationship satisfaction have been scarcely understood. Attachment plays a pivotal role in the dynamics of how adults interact with each other and this interaction relates to how relationships are formed and maintained. Results produced from the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) (Main et al, 1985), indicated that adults who have formed secured attachments during childhood are more likely to form romantic partnerships that are warm and responsive.Securely attached adults tend to have more positive views of themselves and their partners and in the way they perceive their relationships (Simpson Rholes, 2012). Securely attached adults characteristically experience lower levels of anxiety than those with other attachment styles. A possibility for the lower levels of anxiety in securely attached individuals is that failure in the relationship does not elicit an anxiety-provoking, distracting concern, because the expected attachment, on average, tends to be supportive, and reassuring (McWilliams Bailey, 2010).Independent success is not dependent on the relationship outcome for securely attached adults as it may be for those with other attachment styles. Securely attached individuals focus on building gre ater intimacy with their attachment figures and experience functional anger, which generally facilitates more constructive, relationship-enhancing goals (Simpson et al, 2007). The anxious / ambivalent attached adult is normally viewed as being fearful and avoidant when in most situations and especially when forming meaningful relationships. The fear response is usually a fear of failure.The possibility of failure elicits anxiety – provoking concerns for the anxious / ambivalent person (Simpson et al, 2007). These individuals view themselves as incapable of either providing love and intimacy to others or being capable of receiving love and intimacy from romantic partners. Insecurity is not manifested the same in all individuals but the basic mistrust of love and closeness is a common theme among this level of attachment in adults. Those who are anxious / ambivalent adults may be troubled with high levels of stress and display a higher tendency towards impulsiveness in their relationships.This stress is compounded if both members of the relationship demonstrate characteristics of this type of attachment style. In contrast to those who have secure attachments, adults who present characteristics of anxious / ambivalent attachment, typically experience and express less positive and more negative emotions in their rel ationships (Simpson et al, 2007). These individuals habitually are concerned with fears of being abandoned, misused, or failing to meet their basic needs of security when engaging in relationships.For this reason, those with this attachment style typically experience less positive emotions in their relationships and report a high level of negativity when describing their relationships. Bowlby (1982), as well as other researchers, believe that close relationships formed during childhood with primary caregivers who are supposed to be providing the ground work for the establishment of security and trust, have a direct impact on how adults form and maintain relationships across the lifespan. The third attachment style is avoidant.Avoidant infants are indifferent or ignore the return of the caregiver after separation (Westen, 2006). These children may not necessarily reject the attention of the caregiver but they do not tend to seek out the attention of the caregiver as well. The avoidant style of attachment negates ener gy away from intimacy and hampers positive emotions in personal relationships. For those experiencing this form of negative attachment believe that becoming close to their partners heightens their fear of rejection.Considerable research indicates that different forms of attachment styles direct individuals to foster their emotions and behaviors in different ways (Simpson et al, 2007). Typically, those who have avoidant style of attachment avidly seek to diminish the possibility of negative relationships that could potentially create the danger of rejection or abandonment. This form of attachment can also be seen as a type of self-preservation strategy. Attachment styles and the relation to chronic health issues in adultsMany researchers and psychologists have argued that the experiences that incur in early childhood hold a prestigious place in influencing later life outcomes. Researchers have also focused their attention on how the role of adverse incidents gone through in childhood has strong links towards adult physical illness. Furthermore, the quality of c lose relationships, especially marital relationships, affects immune functioning, rendering individuals vulnerable to various diseases (Coan, Schaefer, Davidson, 2006). Researchers have also focused on the role of early adverse experiences in laying the foundations for adult physical illness (Puig et al, 2012). The different level of childhood attachment styles is positively correlated to the incidence of chronic illness as adults. Incorporating assessments of relationship interaction in the early stages of human development may give insight of how the quality of childhood attachments in infancy directly impact adult health.Secure attachment is considered to be the best functional form of all of the attachment forms and thus is hypothesized to have the increased likelihood of general better health in adulthood. In relation to cancer, attachment may be unrelated to the development of cancer, but a positive association between secure attachment ratings and cancer could have emerged because those with secure attachment may be more likely to survive cancer (Puig et al, 2012). According to the attachment theory proposed by Bowlby (1982), the quality of e arly care that children receive is internalized and then shapes their social functioning in adulthood.Research suggests that infant attachment relationships are associated with aspects of health in childhood that may be linked to health across the life span (Anderson Whitaker, 2011). The findings of the research conducted by Anderson Whitaker (2011) suggest that individuals who were classified as secure during the origins of care giving report the fewest health problems as adults than those who were inconsistently secure or consistently insecure. Other research indicates that adults forming insecure attachment styles as children uniquely predict categories of physical illness (McWilliams Bailey, 2012).Insecure attachments include the anxious / ambivalent and avoidant style of attachment. Generally speaking, those persons who have developed insecure attachments during childhood have an increased susceptibility to stress. Stress has been linked to a wide range of psychological and physical ailments in adolescents and adults. Those exhibiting insecure attachments have also been theorized to have a greater propensity towards substance abuse and food addictions, which has been known to cause numerous health roblems. Individuals with insecure attachment often displa y refractory behaviors in that they do not seek help for these types of behaviors and also have difficulty seeking proper medical attention when health issues arise most likely due to their basic mistrust of people who are in a position to help them. The most logical assessment for this behavior is strongly suggested to be linked to the lack of strong bonding relationships formed during infancy (McWilliams and Bailey, 2010).According to the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard (2011), the consequences of adversity early in life can be serious and long-lasting, affecting the body’s ability to, for example, regulate metabolism, fight disease, and maintain a healthy heart—as well as a healthy brain. Reducing toxic stress in early childhood is therefore an important strategy for lifelong health promotion and disease prevention. Findings of recent developmental research have concluded that individuals who are insecurely attached tend to have poorer quality relationships across the first 20 years of life (Simpson, Collins, Tran, Haydon, 2007).The quality of adult relationships is possible causes of chronic stress which inhibits biological processes, which leads insecure adults to encounter more physical illness lat er in life than those who have formed secure attachments. Individuals classified as having the anxious / ambivalent are prone to inflammatory responses when exposed stressors (Gouin et al. , 2008). Anxious attachment ratings were more strongly associated with feeble health conditions and the ratings for avoidant attachments were found to be greater.Avoidant attachment ratings were significantly associated with those conditions that primarily involve symptoms of pain, such as arthritis, back pain, severe headaches, and other forms of chronic pain (McWilliams Bailey, 2010). Anxious attachment rating were associated as involving the cardiovascular system, including stroke, heart attack, and high blood pressure. With the propensity of insecure attachments leading to the onset of various health conditions, it is reasonable to assume that those with inadequate health conditions lead to relationship discord and thus foster relationship insecurity.Bowlby (1980) believed that life’s deepest and most intense emotions arise in the foundation of attachment relationships. Bowlby’s concept of internal working models was a catalyst for the increased interest in the continuity of attachment patterns from infancy through adulthood (Westen, et al, 2006). These relationships are rooted in the attachment formations that develop during early childhood with caregivers. Until recently, little research has been conducted on the correlation between the different attachment styles children experience as determinants of the experience and development of romantic relationships formed as adults.The above reviewed research suggests that these interactions may imply a link to forming secure relationships experienced during earlier periods of development. Studies directed at the association between attachments and learned dispositions regarding relationships are growing in popularity. This type of research is of interest to anyone who is engrossed in the study of attachment in adulthood, regardless of affiliation to a psychology study or training. Attachment theories remain dominant throughout the lifespan (Ainsworth, 1989).Secure attachment proves to be the strongest indicator that adults will form committed, lasting romantic relationships. Insecure attachment origins supports the general theory that adults are highly susceptible by situational events and have coping mechanisms that are consistent with the particular form of insecurity they manifest (Simpson, et. al. , 2012). Those who have experienced anxious/ambivalent attachments have been found to display greater dysfunctional anger toward their partners and more distressed when encountered with a fear-inducing situation and have been noted to receive less support from their partners.

Product Failure (Malaysia) free essay sample

Product Failure Failure refers to the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success. Product failure ranges from failure to sell the product to fracture of the product, in the worst cases leading to personal injury, the province of forensic engineering. The criteria for failure are heavily dependent on context of use, and may be relative to a particular observer or belief system. A situation considered to be a failure by one might be considered a success by another, particularly in cases of direct competition or a zero-sum game. Similarly, the degree of success or failure in a situation may be differently viewed by distinct observers or participants, such that a situation that one considers to be a failure, another might consider to be a success, a qualified success or a neutral situation. It may also be difficult or impossible to ascertain whether a situation meets criteria for failure or success due to ambiguous or ill-defined definition of those criteria. We will write a custom essay sample on Product Failure (Malaysia) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finding useful and effective criteria, or heuristics, to judge the success or failure of a situation may itself be a significant task. Failure can be differentially perceived from the viewpoints of the evaluators. A person who is only interested in the final outcome of an activity would consider it to be an Outcome Failure if the core issue has not been resolved or a core need is not met. A failure can also be a process failure whereby although the activity is completed successfully, a person may still feel dissatisfied if the underlying process is perceived to be below expected standard or benchmark. Failure to carry out a task Failure to perceive Failure to anticipate Fail product in local market In Malaysia, there is a lot of product failure and it just too numerous to say it one by one, most of them, it did not even catch the public attention, basically, the public don’t even know the existence of the particular product. There is so much factors that can leads to product failure. Failure causes are defects in design, process, quality, or part application, which are the underlying cause of the failure or which initiate a process which eads to failure. Rather than the simple description of symptoms that many product users or process participants might use, the term failure cause refers to a rather complete description, including the pre-conditions under which failure occurs, how the thing was being used, proximate and ultimate/final causes (if known), and any subsidiary or resulting failures that result. The term is part of the engineering lexicon, especially of engineers working to test and debug p roducts or processes. Carefully observing and describing failure conditions, identifying whether failures are reproducible or transient, and hypothesizing what combination of conditions and sequence of events led to failure is part of the process of fixing design flaws or improving future iterations. The term may be applied to mechanical systems failure. One of the product/brand that fail in Malaysia is: M . Mobile or simply known as M. Mobile is an RD and mobile communication design company based in Malaysia. M. Mobile is Malaysias first cell phone manufacturer and is also the worlds first Muslim-owned mobile phone RD and marketing company in a partnership between Malaysia and China. This company is currently in operation under its parent company, Kosmo Technology Industrial Berhad Type: Berhad Founded: 2005 Headquarters: Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia Key people: Norhamzah Nordin,Chairman Industry: Telecommunications Products: Mobile phones Website: M. Mobile M. mobile’s products: Factors that leads to this brand failure The reason why this brand failed in malaysia market because: M. mobile cannot give a better satisfaction to the consumer compare to their competitor that are well established in mobile technology sector such as Nokia, Sony Ericsson , Samsung etc. Promotion (marketing) M. mobile cannot compete with their competitors in term of : Price Features Quality After sales service Promotion M. mobile should have promote their product and brand more aggressively since they enter a market where most of them already loyal to a particular brand, M. obile did not market their product as well as their brand effectively, therefore they able to capture only few attention from the public, most Malaysian don’t even know the existence of the brand. Price Price offered by M. mobile considered less expensive, but somehow, consumer nowadays always think, â€Å"even though it’s not very expensive, but it’s still money, does it worth the money? † instead of taking a risk of buying t he product which they don’t really know the background of the company, consumer prefer to spend their money on trusted brand for the same price or a bit more. Left picture is NOKIA 2690 and on the right picture is M. obile M10, both phone has a pretty similar specification and the price is almost the same(RM300+), most consumer will go for NOKIA because they want to avoid risk from buying unestablishrd brand. Features Most M. mobile product is a low end product and it does not offer variety of features compare to their competitors. As we know, consumer nowadays demand for the latest technology, therefore as a mobile phone manufacturer, knowing the consumer needs and want is the main priority in coming up with a new product, most of the product produced by this company does not reach consumer expectation who demand for better technology. Quality The quality of the product produced by this company proven not to be as good as the other brand’s products, the materials they use to make the product is low in quality, from the mainboard(interior) to the exterior of the phone. After sales service After sales service is the service provided by the company to the customer of their product, M. mobile does not offer a good after sales service compared to another company like nokia and sony ericsson. It shows that the company do not really think about building a long and strong relationship with the consumer. How the product could be successful In order for this brand to be successful, there are so many things that the company have to take into account, its not easy becoming a great company in consumer eyes, there are several things that the company have to take into consideration especially the strength of the competitors, in order to be successful, a company need to have an advantage that can overcome the competitor’s strength. This is the reason why RD very important in coming up with new product. The 1st thing M. obile have to focus on is their promotion, promotion plays an important part in creating a good image in consumer mind, since there’s a lot of well established company in mobile phone sector, M. mobile have to make a huge action in promoting their brand and product. Doing aggressive marketing by keep on promoting the product and brand is the best way to create a good image in consumer mind, of course it will cost a lot, but the return is way better. Psychologica lly, It’s a human nature, the more we hear n see it, the more we favor it, thus it will create the sense of security towards the product or brand. Price, features and quality are related to each other, this is one of the most important things a company need to think about, they need to know what type of product they want to come out with in term of the product’s quality level and the variety of it features, therefore they can set the price for the product, The company have to make sure the price is reasonable with the quality and the features of the product or else consumer will favor the competitors, M. obile comes out with one new product called M10 and the price for the product is around rm300+,Nokia as well comes out with a new product which is nokia 2690 and the price is almost the same with M. mobile m10, both model provide almost the same features, but in term of quality, we know nokia is better, consumer will think, why choose m. mobile instead of nokia? M. mobile have to make sure their offer can overcome their competitors offer, therefore consumer will find the advantage of choosing M. mobile’s products. May be it will take some time for M. obile to keep pace with the other established company in term of product quality and technology, but by putting a correct price, the company can attract more market and the company will grow. A company have to know how important word of mouth and how dramatic change it can do with the influence of word of mouth, satisfied customer will tell the others how good the product is, dissatisfied customer will spread the bad things about the product, do not give a high expectation to the consumer because the possibility of getting dissatisfied customer is high. After sales service is one of the thing people nowadays always talk about, M. mobile have to make sure they can deliver a good after sales service so that their customer will spread a good deal with the others. It is important for M. mobile building a strong and long relationship with the customer because it can create brand loyalty, once customer loyal to the product, they will keep on purchasing the product and influence other people into buying the same product. Good after sales service shows that the company really care about their customer and customer loves it when the company cares about their rights.

Major Challenges, Solutions and Future Prospects for Singapore

Foalktales essays

Foalktales essays A folktale is a general term for any of numerous varieties of traditional narrative. The telling of stories appears to be a cultural and universal tradition, common to primitive and complex societies alike. Folktales are demonstrably similar from culture to culture, and comparative studies of themes and narrative techniques have been successful in showing these relationships. Fairy tales are entirely fictional and often begin with such formulas as Once upon a time . Which is not the case in most folktales which useally express something common to that culture. Folktales are stories that give people a means for sharing their culture, history and values. And so was the case in Mother to Son by Langston Hughes. Hughes discussed problems common to people of color from his culture . One of the most powerful tools used by hughes is imagery . Hughes uses strong imagery to get a clear picture across to the reader. As does he uses Irony and metaphors such ass Life for me aint been no crystal stair Its had tacks in it, And splinters, And boards torn up. HUghes work can be described as a folktale. He writes exactly to fit the definition of the word folktale. And the same formula is used my many writers ...

Shrek and Donkey Essay Example

Shrek and Donkey Essay Example Shrek and Donkey Paper Shrek and Donkey Paper Shrek was the biggest box office hit of 2001 motion picture developed by PDI DreamWorks studios. It is based on a childrens book by William Steig called Shrek. The film was so groundbreaking; it set a new trend to all CGI (Computer Generated Imagery) films that were out there. Shrek is a unique fairy tale story in disguise, which adds some emotional issues and laughter. The characters not only looked more sophisticated and three-dimensional but their personalities were also more human and less cartoon type; each character would have feelings, like humans. The film uses a constructed text in order to put across a theme of two very different characters learning to work together beyond their rivalries to rise above a common enemy and work towards a common goal. In this case Shrek and Donkey. These two characters are so different they are a perfect example. Shrek is a big, green, smelly, ugly ogre who is selfish wants to keep himself to himself. No one seems to understand Shrek. A good example is when Donkey is speaking to him he describes himself: For your information, theres a lot more to ogres than people think Ogres are like onions layers! Onions have layers Ogres have layers! We both have layers. Donkey gets confused and says he smells, which onions do, Donkey in the other hand is a talking donkey, who is small, smart, loudmouth and energetic. The film uses the characters and imagery very cleverly to represent this theme. The music used in the film is also different to other CGI films. Rather than the characters bursting into song themselves as in Monsters Inc. and Ice Age, or song played by an outside artist, the film has both elements implanted in the film. The soundtrack, like the film, will make you laugh, cry, and laugh again. Songs in the film includes: Stay Home, My Beloved Monster Eels and Hallelujah Rufus Wainwright. These reflect the mood and emotions of the characters in a particular scene. Such as in one seen where Shrek is mimicking a wrestling match with Lord Farquads men, rock music is played in the background. At the end of the film there is a spoof of the characters doing a karaoke sing-along to recognised songs such as Just the Way You Are, Baby Got Back, YMCA, Staying Alive, Dance to the Music, Feelings, Do You Really Want to Hurt Me, and Who Let the Dogs Out. The movie has a storybook start, which provides the narrative of the fairytale princess, locked up alone in her tower. Then Shrek rips the page out of the book and uses it to wipe his backside. This is where the fairytale gets twisted! Modern rock and pop music bring the story into contemporary time, as does the humor used, which includes toilet-humor, irony and parody. Particularly funny is poking fun at theme parks like Disneyland and the use of applause prompt cards to make the audience laugh. Shrek is famed for its detail in a CGI film. The attention is to the smallest detail for example the facial expression of Shrek and Donkey after they view Lord Farquads information board. After they view it a photo comes out and show the facial expression, then the camera switches to Shrek and Donkey showing the exact expressions. The detail is so accurate; it even shows the wrinkles on the forehead, eyebrow shape mouth sticking out and the shadow. This gives the film even more realism and depth. The use of unusual and imaginative camera angles, made possible by the use of CGI, also adds to the texture and pace of the film. The film is set in a world of hatred against fairytale characters. Lord Farquad is the ruler of that world. Lord Farquad was a man who sounded very big but only to be small. He only wanted wealth and power. He is the villain of this film. A very makes a very good example when during a tournament he makes a speech of a great evil tyrant ruler: Some of you may die, but its a sacrifice I am willing to make. In traditional fairy tales, ogres are man-eating beasts. The Prince usually rescues the Princess; they marry and live happily ever after. The makers of Shrek use presentational devices to reverse this traditional, to reveal the ogre as good, and the Prince as evil. One day Lord Farquad dumps all the characters on Shreks swamp. This makes Shrek very unhappy, so he sets out to Lord Farquads kingdom. While Shrek was on his way he meets a donkey named Donkey. Meanwhile Lord Farquad desires to become king. To do this he needs to marry a princess. So he recruits his knights and organizes a tournament to see who would set out to find Princess Fiona for him. At the same time, Shrek enters the kingdom and wants to reclaim the rights to his swamp home. Lord Farquad makes him a deal. Find Princess Fiona in exchange for the deed to his swamp. So Shrek and his loudmouthed sidekick Donkey embark on a quest to find Princess Fiona. Princess Fiona is a dreamer and a feisty young woman who often dreams about her shining knight and armor and true love that will someday rescue her from the tallest tower of a castle guarded by a fire-breathing dragon. But as this fairy tale would have it, Shrek makes a crashing entrance and literally grabs her to safety.

7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know

7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know 7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know 7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know By Mark Nichol This post outlines seven general areas of grammar and syntax that writers must be familiar with to enable them to write effectively. 1. Subject-Verb Agreement Use singular verbs for singular subjects and plural verbs with plural subjects. A verb should agree with its subject, not with an intervening modifying phrase or clause: â€Å"The box of cards is on the shelf.† Singular verbs are appropriate with the following parts of speech: indefinite pronouns: â€Å"Everyone is here† uncountable nouns: â€Å"The rain has stopped† inverted subjects: â€Å"Where is the car?† subjects plural in form but singular in meaning: â€Å"Statistics [the academic subject] is boring,† but â€Å"Statistics [sets of data] are sometimes misleading† compound subjects: â€Å"Breaking and entering is different than burglary† the constructions â€Å"the only one of those (blank) who . . . ,† â€Å"the number of (blank) . . . ,† â€Å"every (blank) . . . ,† and â€Å"many a (blank) . . .† a measurement when considered as a unit: â€Å"Three months is a long time to wait† collective nouns: â€Å"The team is ready for the game† (but if referring to all individual members of a collective, reword for clarity, as in â€Å"The members of the team stand behind the coach’s decision†) 2. Nominative and Objective Pronouns and Reflexive Pronouns Pronouns are sometimes used erroneously when a phrase contains more than one object. For example, although â€Å"My sister and I are coming† is correct because â€Å"My sister and I† is the subject and therefore the nominative I is appropriate, â€Å"He invited my sister and I† is wrong because â€Å"my sister† and I are the objects, and the pronoun should be in objective form (me, not I). Reflexive pronouns, compound of a pronoun and -self, are correct only if they are associated with an antecedent pronoun, as in â€Å"I did it myself†; â€Å"Contact John or myself† is an error because there is no previous reference to the self-identifying person. 3. Dangling Participles When a sentence begins with an incomplete phrase or clause, the person, place, or thing it modifies must immediately follow it as the subject of the main clause, or the introductory phrase or clause must be rewritten. For example, in â€Å"Rolling down the slope, my eyes beheld a curious sight,† the writer intends to express that he or she was rolling down the slope, but the subject of the sentence is â€Å"my eyes,† leading to the impression that the rolling was performed by the eyes, not the individual. To resolve the problem, amend the sentence to â€Å"Rolling down the slope, I beheld a curious sight† or â€Å"As I rolled down the slope, my eyes beheld a curious sight.† 4. Misplaced Modifiers A modifying phrase should immediately follow the word or phrase it modifies. For example, in the sentence â€Å"I overheard that they’re getting married in the rest room,† because â€Å"in the rest room† follows â€Å"getting married,† the reader is given the impression that the nuptials will take place in the rest room. However, â€Å"in the rest room† modifies the subject, â€Å"I overheard,† so those two phrases should be adjacent: â€Å"I overheard in the rest room that they’re getting married.† 5. Incomplete Sentences Many justifications exist for sentence fragments, but they are best used judiciously and in such a way that it is clear to the reader that the writer is deliberately writing an incomplete sentence, and not obliviously making an error. 6. Phrase and Clause Lists In-line lists, those presented within the syntax of a sentence, should be structured to be grammatically consistent. For example, the sentence â€Å"Insights are actionable, adaptive, and help achieve the desired objectives† is erroneously constructed because are serves the first adjective and help is associated with achieve, but adaptive cannot share are with actionable unless a conjunction rather than a comma separates them: â€Å"Insights are actionable and adaptive and help achieve the desired objectives.† If a sentence, unlike in this revision, is to remain in list form, each list element must follow parallel construction, as in the revision of â€Å"Teapots may be embellished with landscapes, scenes from paintings, historical figures, or natural elements such as orchids or bamboo† to â€Å"Teapots may be embellished with landscapes, scenes from paintings, portraits of historical figures, or depictions of natural elements such as orchids or bamboo,† where each element must refer to representations of phenomena rather than the phenomena themselves. 7. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Phrases and Clauses Although the use of which in a sentence such as â€Å"She prefers a job which is more stable† is technically correct in American English (and ubiquitous in British English), careful writers will help their readers by maintaining this distinction between which and that: Use the former with a nonrestrictive phrase â€Å"She prefers a job, which is more stable than freelance work† (what follows the comma and which is not essential to the sentence) and use the latter with a restrictive phrase â€Å"She prefers a job that is more stable† (â€Å"that is more stable† is an essential part of the sentence). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your StoryFlier vs. FlyerSit vs. Set

The Christian Tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Christian Tradition - Essay Example Christian views are still considered to be the most widespread in the world. These are views about the one God in the Universe which are represented in three forms: God the father, God the son and God the holy spirit. The God created the Earth and people, he was working for six days and had rest on the seventh. Adam and Eve were the first people and they lost the heaven. Christians tend to believe that their religion explains the origin of the world in a best way. Thus, many people have been sharing the Christian views. However, globalization made Christians face new problems. . Christian churches in Europe currently exist in new situation of religious pluralism. At the same time religious pluralism became one of the main causes of crisis in the traditional churches of Europe. The process of globalization does not allow any society to exist in complete cultural isolation. Every person has an access to any religious knowledge and the infinite majority of religious systems. Besides, pluralism turns out from the objective reality to ideology that rejects the possibility of making any exact declarations about the truth and universal values. Thus, modern pluralistic situation is a serious challenge for Christianity. Christians need to define how to communicate in the pluralistic society and the representatives of other religions in the new conditions. The main issues to consider are how Christians should reply to the challenge, how they may argue about the truth in the multireligious society in order to be heard. Christians may consider pluralism to be an ideology, which is full of inner contradictions and mistakes, which does not correspond to the reality of this world anyhow. In other words, pluralism contains fatal inner and outer inconsistency, which makes pluralism untruthful. At the same time people who are predisposed to ideology for some cultural reasons may consider it to be truthful. Many clergymen state that pluralism is just a tribute to fashion,

(Emotion) .....not really sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

(Emotion) .....not really sure - Essay Example When speÐ °king Ð °bout my personÐ °l ego ideÐ °l, I would refer myself to the first group of people, who Ð °re ideÐ °lizing the world rÐ °ther thÐ °n living in the reÐ °lity. CreÐ °ting ideÐ °l imÐ °ges of me Ð °nd the outer world is whÐ °t describes my personÐ °lity. I therefore, live in the present, Ð °nd reject who I Ð °m Ð °t the moment while concentrÐ °ting who I wÐ °nt to be. Since it is impossible to reÐ °ch the ideÐ °l, I do not perceive the world Ð °s it is Ð °nd often disÐ °ppoint in life. I mÐ °y thus describe myself Ð °s nÐ °Ãƒ ¯ve person, but Ð °lso the one who enjoys life Ð °nd sees everything in the best colors. My ego-self is constÐ °ntly judging Ð °nd rejecting its Ð °rising stÐ °te Ð °nd trying to fit itself into Ð ° certÐ °in ideÐ °l. It is not just being where it is Ð °nd Ð °llowing itself to unfold freely. Ð s Ð ° result, it does not understÐ °nd where it is for it is invested in being somewhere in pÐ °rticulÐ °r, being Ð ° certÐ °in wÐ °y, or in sÐ °tisfying Ð ° pÐ °rticulÐ °r ideÐ °l. Ð nd even if this ideÐ °l is tÐ °ken from spirituÐ °l teÐ °chings, the sÐ °me mechÐ °nism of ego Ð °ctivity is in operÐ °tion. TrÐ °pped in the ego-self, I do not trust thÐ °t Being myself will tÐ °ke me where I need to go. 2. Second, Ð °nd equÐ °lly importÐ °nt, is the Ð °bility Ð °nd willingness to be Ð ° teÐ °m member, plÐ °ying dÐ °ily roles in such Ð ° fÐ °shion thÐ °t the whole is Ð °lwÐ °ys greÐ °ter thÐ °n the sum of its pÐ °rts. It must be recognized Ð °nd Ð °ccepted thÐ °t no teÐ °m is ever stronger thÐ °n the weÐ °kest member, so thÐ °t eÐ °ch member must be Ð °ssigned to mÐ °ke full use of tÐ °lents possessed. 3. Third, thÐ °t Ð °ll individuÐ °ls Ð °re equÐ °l Ð °nd thÐ °t eÐ °ch Ð °nd ever one must fully recognize thÐ °t equÐ °lity Ð °nd with full Ð °cceptÐ °nce of the other, but thÐ °t we Ð °re Ð °ll humÐ °n beings; eÐ °ch with our own pÐ °rticulÐ °r weÐ °knesses Ð °nd strengths; so thÐ °t in full teÐ °m fÐ °shion ones strengths Ð °re emphÐ °sized Ð °nd weÐ °knesses

How will Spotify change the traditional music industry Assignment

How will Spotify change the traditional music industry - Assignment Example try, where consumers do not purchase their music, and where artists, producers and the company itself to not generate profits by directly selling music, surely, Spotify generates in a lot of changes in how the music industry works. In this case, the researcher would like to look at how Spotify changes the traditional music industry by using the five forces, which includes the following: Supplier Buyer Competitors Threats of New Entrants Threats of Substitutes In addition, the researcher would also try to integrate the different strategic maps used in the module, in able to provide a deeper breadth and insight into the analysis of the entry of Spotify in relation with the traditional music industry. In particular, the researcher would focus upon using the triangle map and the delta model to give deeper insights on the changes that Spotify will bring to the music industry. How would Spotify then affect the force of suppliers in the music industry? Of course, in the music industry, one of the main suppliers includes the company that distributes music to consumers, which in this case is the Swedish company Spotify. However, it is important to take note of the fact that the supply process is not a simple process, but it is rather complicated; this includes agreements with respect to the artists and the producers of the music that Spotify is about to offer to consumers. In the traditional music industry, the supply process goes this way: the company (which either distributes music through the sale of CDs or downloadable digitized music) pays royalty to the artists of the music. Then, the distributing company would earn profits through the direct sales of the copy of the music, to where the artists would also have some percentages. In this case, extra income for the company... The "How will Spotify change the traditional music industry" essay, describes the effect of the Spotify on the music business. While Spotify actually believes that â€Å"artist payments are increasing all the time as ad revenues and subscriptions go up†, it actually remains to be proven in the future. Such circumstances may pose threats with respect to the supply side of the music industry. However, the major change in the supply side (using the Delta model) would be in the form of redefining the customer relationship, wherein the supplier would need to establish long term relationships with their consumers in order for the company to ensure artists that they would get competitive royalties, as well as ensuring that they would attract enough ads so that they can get enough revenues to make artists happy and make their business profitable. With regards to the buyer side of the music industry, Spotify also introduces major changes. In traditional companies, they actually entice customers to own albums and other music collections for their favoured artists through their purchase of CDs or downloadable digital files. In this case, the central theme would include inducing consumers to actually own music, and expanding their personal collection. In this case, the major break with Spotify is that it does not induce consumers to own a personal collection of music; on the contrary, it entices consumers to enjoy the music that they want, when they want, and where they want, without actually owning it.

The Positive and Negative Aspects of Developing an Organizational Assignment - 1

The Positive and Negative Aspects of Developing an Organizational Culture - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that specifically the presence of an organization culture can strongly influenced not only the business performance of a company but also the ability of the company to fulfill its current and future business goals. On the contrary, having a weak organizational culture can also lead to the development of a poor business performance. To ensure that business organizations could benefit from having a strong oranizational culture, this study will purposely examine the positive and negative features of organizational culture.   Commonly shared by the managers and staffs, the presence of a well-defined organizational vision, mission, and goals serve as a guiding attitude and behaviour within a business organization. This discussion outlines that employees within a business organization with strong culture are subconsciously sharing assumptions on how they will achieve the organizational goals. In the absence of any of these features, it would be more difficult on the part of the business managers to come up with more effective business decisions and strategies in the near future. Aside from having a clear organizational vision, mission, and goals, other typical features of having a strong organizational culture include:   having a unified organizational identity; performed work activities are considered as a group performance;   each department within the business organization are well-coordinated;   supervisors and business managers have a higher control over the group of employees; and   the team has a strong ability to control and tolerate risks and conflicts among others. Contrary to having a strong organizational culture, a business organization that has a weak organizational culture is often characterized by having no clear organizational vision, mission, and goals. It means that a business organization with a weak or no organizational culture are the ones that has a group of employees with no shared purpose.

Chapter 13 case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 13 case study - Essay Example There are various suggestions and ideas that may be provided by different persons, who support such media technologies. One of these suggestions is the creation of awareness on the existing of the new technology. The other is re-branding of the packaging materials used by Hanks i.e. use of packaging materials that indicate the use of these new PDA’s and the technology used by customers. These ideas can be combined owing to the fact they are basically meant to facilitate the incorporation of the new modes of operation into Hank’s Greenery system. Hank’s anticipation of the associated advantages of using the technology is realistic. The use of Information Systems in any business is usually associated with various benefits i.e. improved communication among employees as well as improved customer service provision. These are realistic advantages; however, there are usually certain disadvantages that may be experienced with the implementation of new operational systems in any organization. Research indicates that such systems may take time before they are completely adopted in the operational system of any

The concept of Trinity Essay Example for Free

The concept of Trinity Essay The concept of Trinity describes that God exists as a single being yet lives as three persons, consisting of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. The three persons are believed to be discrete and eternal persons, all belong to one Divine being. The doctrine that supports the concept of Trinity is Trinitarianism. This doctrine also describes that the Son, the second person of the Trinity, is comprised of two well-defined characters, the fully divine and the fully human characters. The concept of the Trinity is the consequence of incessant investigations conducted by the church on the information contained in the bible, as well as debates held with regards to the bible, and expositions on the concept. The dogma of a universal trinity was instituted in 325 AD, which then received enormous denials from religious sects. The most accepted theory of the Trinity is found in the Gospel of John in the Bible. Hence the Trinity explains the nature of God, as well as the spiritual circumstance of man (McGrath, 1990). This concept also rationalizes God’s design for grace and salvation, and the principle of the church. The Trinity also explains through the concept of the Trinity other issues such as evangelism, Christian education, social interactions, religious freedom and the family. The concept of Trinity describes that the existing creeds were produced as a result of heresies to their beliefs. This happened during the era of the apostles, which used the events of heresy as an optimal time to respond through the creation the creeds to attest to their beliefs. Reference McGrath AE (1990): Understanding the Trinity. Zondervan, ISBN 0310296811.

Consistency In Nicomachean Ethics Philosophy Essay

Consistency In Nicomachean Ethics Philosophy Essay There is a seeming lack of consistency in Nicomachean Ethics on what is required for human happiness. In the beginning of the book, Aristotle stated that, happiness requires both complete virtue and a complete life (Book I, 1100a), suggesting that happiness require all virtuous activities and all external goods that people pursue. However, further, in Book X of Nicomachean Ethics, he stated that contemplation is the only essence of human happiness as his argument develops. These two interpretations then are called the inclusivist and the intellectual interpretations respectively. There is much contradiction on Aristotles account, more specifically, Aristotle thinks that all kinds of virtue and external goods are what is required for happiness while in the same book, he claims that excellence in intellectual activity, namely contemplation is the only way to true happiness (the flourishing eudaimonic life). This disagreement makes his comments on happiness in Book I and Book X seem disconnected in a parallel fashion. In this essay, I would like to conclude that the way to make sense of Aristotles account (if not to reconcile the contradiction) on what is required for human happiness is to emphasis the human nature of happiness and to exclude the possibility for human to achieve the contemplating happiness and embrace the inclusivist interpretation to an extent. What is required for happiness will only be clear if we understand what happiness is, therefore, we shall discuss the meaning of Happiness Aristotle refers to. Firstly, we put aside this inclusivist/ intellectualist debate for a while, and investigate what Aristotle claims to be necessary for happiness. The word happiness Aristotle used in Greek is ÃŽÂ µÃƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± (eudaimonia), which may differ from peoples understanding of the English word happiness nowadays. On Aristotles account, happiness is not a state as contemporary common people would think, most people from a modern western background are most likely to answer what is happiness by telling what they regard as important and fulfilling in lives, or what makes them feel happy, e.g. having wealth, health, family etc., or simply the sensation of gratification as an enjoyable subjective state of mind. However Aristotle characterised it in terms of an activity, which can be interpreted as a way of living, a lifestyle. This is found at the beginning of Book X (1176a34): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Happiness is not a state. For it were, someone might have it and yet be asleep for his whole life, living the life of a plant, or suffer the greatest misfortunes. If we do not approve of this, we count happiness as an activity rather than a state. For him, it is the ultimate goal of human lives. He develops his case as followed: Since every sort of knowledge and decision pursues some goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ What is the highest of all the goods pursued in action? (1095a15) He answered that happiness is this highest of all goods pursued by people, even though that different people may have different ideas about happiness and in action and have different approaches to acquire it. He gives examples to illustrate this, the common people pursue the life of gratification, the politically cultivated pursue honour, etc. but they all do it in order to pursue happiness eventually. Then, Aristotle claims that humans telos, i.e. final goal and aim is to pursue happiness. It is a universal telos which all human actions aim at because all human actions are aimed implicitly and explicitly at it. It is a self-sufficient good that all who pursue it will have no further need and lack nothing. Happiness more than anything else seems unconditionally complete, since we always choose it because of itself, never because of something elseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Honour, pleasure, understanding and every virtue we certainly we certainly choose because of themselves, since we also choose them for the sake of happiness, supposing that through them we shall be happy. Happiness, by contrast, no one ever choose for their sake or for the sake of anything else at all. (1097b) He then progresses, stating that happiness requires living according to virtues, in Book I , Now we take the human function to be certain kind of life, and take this life to be the souls activity and actions that express reason .The function of man is to live a certain kind of life, and this activity implies a rational principle, and the function of a good man is the good and noble performance of these, and if any action is well performed it is performed in accord with the appropriate excellence: if this is the case, then happiness turns out to be an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. (1098a13) Aristotle then speaks of function of a human being, and he suggested that humans have a special function that other organisms do not share, that is having the gift of reason. The human function is the souls activity that expresses reason. (1098a )Therefore, the good humans aim at should be the excellence in reason, which is what is required for happiness. As happiness is a way of living, the most ideal, best and ultimate way of living that people pursue will be happiness. In order to achieve human happiness, i.e. having the most ideal life, Aristotle then concluded: And if there are more virtues than one, the good will express the best and most complete virtue. Since he earlier mentioned understanding is the best virtue, this seems to lend support for the intellectualist view. However, then, rather abruptly, later in Book I, he added: Nonetheless, happiness evidently also needs external goods to be added , as we said, since we cannot, or cannot easily do fine action if we lack the resources.(1099a) Many take what Aristotle mentioned in Book I into account (and parts in Book X seem to lend support to the inclusivist view too). However in my opinion, Aristotles suggestion that the whole range of virtue is required does not fully make logical sense in the whole Nicomachean Ethics, rather, it appears to be an added comment to make his argument more relevant to real-life. On the other hand, there is the intellectualist view that interprets the happiness, the human telos, consists of one single virtuous intellectual activity: contemplation. Most support can be found in Book X. If happiness, then, is activity expressing virtue, it is reasonable for it to express the supreme virtue, which will be the virtue of the best thing. The best is understandingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and to understand what is fine and divine, by being itself either divine or the most divine element in us. Hence complete happiness will be its activity expressing its proper virtue; and we have said that this activity is the activity of study.(1177a11) Interestingly, J.M. Cooper originally in his book Reason And Human Good in Aristotle (1975) supported this theory however he later changed his opinion. Heinaman criticised his deflection, suggesting that he made an unsuccessful defence. Cooper changed to the intellectualist view, he suggests an interpretation to avoid inconsistency between the contradictions found in Books I and X, his attempt does not treat Aristotles view in Book X as agreeing that intellect person with vicious morality can be happy. Since happiness without moral virtues can still be achieved if intellectual activity is the only necessity. Cooper tried to reconcile this contradiction in his interpretation, since Book I suggests that all kinds of virtuous activities are required, while Book X denies that all kinds of virtuous behaviour but especially intellectual activity are required for happiness. Heinaman criticised that by making activity with a kinship to divine activity sufficient for happiness in Book X, he ( J.M. Cooper) commits Aristotle to happiness for the morally vicious thinker, since human intellectual activity on its own has a greater kinship to divine activity than morally virtuous action on its own Also, Thomas Nagel noticed this indecision on Aristotles account and concludes that Aristotle is tempted by the intellectualist account. Inevitably, a conflict arises as evidence for both sides is found in Aristotles text. However, if the function argument he has made stands, there should not be other things rather than doing what the most excellent human being should be doing, i.e. contemplating. Therefore it may seem like a contradiction within Aristotles argument, that whether contemplation is the only thing required. A reconciliation can be hard to achieve in my opinion, we infer that Aristotle on the one hand recognise a life of contemplation as the most ideal happy life, while he also realises without external goods a life cannot be sustained.(1178b34) On the other hand, he suggest only contemplation is required. However, if we take the affinity to divinity into account, we may suggest that human happiness, (not divine) require external goods as well as the intellectual activities. If we draw a distinct line between human happiness and general happiness (in the more theoretical and divine sense), the question can be answered better. Aristotle asserted that the function of something must be what is should be good at, so humans function should be reasoning since the ideal human should engage in intellectual activity (contemplation), this reasoning of his is drawn by the comparison to carpenters and architects, that their function would be crafting and building, however, he neglected the fact that both carpenters and architects are human, and human would share the actions of plants and animals ( the action of living, pleasure-seeking etc.). Also, divinity is shared by humans when it comes to reasoning and thinking, however humans are not completely divine, having all the earthly desires and need s. Therefore, following this line of argument, I would conclude that human happiness would include living according to all virtues that human are able to take part in. Since the contemplating happiness is the form of eudaimonia that bears more reminiscence of the realm of divinity, it is not possible that human can achieve it completely, especially without external goods. Therefore, taking account of human nature, the kind of happiness is the only possibility for us. Hence, in my view, as the result of the discussion, it would be more appropriate to agree with the inclusivist view that human happiness on Aristotles account requires a life with accordance to the full range of virtues and their supporting external goods.